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9. Contact - got a question about Turkish Alphabet, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
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The
Turkish alphabet is a variant of the Latin alphabet, itself derived from the Greek alphabet, used for writing the
Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters, a certain number of which (Ç, Ğ,
Turkish dotted and dotless I, Ö, Ş, and
Ü) have been adapted or modified for the phonetic requirements of the language.
These letters are, in the upper case:
A,
B,
C, Ç,
D,
E,
F,
G,
Ğ, H,
Turkish dotted and dotless I,
J, K,
L, M,
N, O, Ö, P,
R,
S, Ş,
T,
U, Ü,
V, Y, Z
and in the lower case:
a,
b,
c, ç, d,
e, f, g, ğ,
h, Turkish dotted and dotless I,
j, k,
l,
m,
n,
o,
ö, p, r, s,
ş,
t,
u, ü, v,
y, z.
This translates to 8 vowels (
A,
E, Turkish dotted and dotless I,
O, Ö, U,
Ü) and 21 consonants.
Sounds
Turkish orthography is highly
Phonetic spelling and a word's pronunciation is always completely identified by its spelling. The following table presents the Turkish letters, the sounds they correspond to in International Phonetic Alphabet and how these can be approximated more or less by an
English language speaker.
{| class="wikitable"|-!colspan=2|Letter!
International Phonetic Alphabet!English language approximation!colspan=2|Letter!
International Phonetic Alphabet!
English language approximation|-|
A||
a||
Open back unrounded vowel||As
a in
f'a
ther||M||m||Bilabial nasal'||As
m in
man|-|B||b||Voiced bilabial plosive'||As
b in b
at||N||n||Alveolar nasal'||As
n in
nay|-|C||c||Voiced postalveolar affricate'||As
j in j
ob||O||o||Close-mid back rounded vowel'||As
o in
n'o
|-|Ç||ç||Voiceless postalveolar affricate||As ch in ch
at||Ö||ö||Open-mid front rounded vowel'||As
e in
h'e
r|-|D||d||Voiced dental plosive'||As
d in
dog||P||p||Voiceless bilabial plosive'||As
p in p
ut|-|E||e||Close-mid front unrounded vowel'||As
e in
r'e
d||R||r||Alveolar tap'||As
r in
rat|-|F||f||Voiceless labiodental fricative'||As
f in f
ar||S||s||Voiceless alveolar fricative'||As
s in
sand|-|G||g||Voiced velar plosive'||As
g in g
ap||Ş||ş||Voiceless postalveolar fricative'||As
sh in
she|-|Ğ||ğ||Length (phonetics)'||
Unpronounced; Lengthens preceding vowel||
T||
t||
Voiceless dental plosive||As
t in t
op|-|H||h||Voiceless glottal fricative'||As
h in
hot||U||u||Close back rounded vowel'||As
oo in
p'oo
l|-|I||ı||Close back unrounded vowel'||
uh, as e
in op
en
||
Ü||
ü||
Close front rounded vowel||
As u
in n
ude
|-|
İ||
i||
Close front unrounded vowel||As
ee in
b'ee
t||V||v||Voiced labiodental fricative'||As
v in v
alv
e|-|J||j||Voiced postalveolar fricative'||As
g in
monta'g
e||Y||y||Palatal approximant'||As
y in
you|-|K||k||Voiceless velar plosive'||As
c in c
at||Z||z||Voiced alveolar fricative'||As
z in
zip|-|L||l||Alveolar lateral approximant'||As
l in l
et|}
History
Early history
The earliest known Turkish alphabet is the Orkhon script. In general, Turkic languages have been written in a number of different alphabets including Cyrillic alphabet, Arabic alphabet,
Greek alphabet, Armenian alphabet,
Latin alphabet and some other Asiatic writing systems.
Modern Turkish alphabet
. September 20, 1928The current 29-letter
Turkish alphabet, used for the
Turkish language, was established by the
Law on the Adoption and Implementation of the Turkish Alphabet, numbered 1353, {{cite web ] on
November 1, 1928, as a vital step in the cultural part of Atatürk's Reforms.
Yazım Kılavuzu, Dil Derneği, 2002 (the writing guide of the Turkish language) Replacing the earlier
Ottoman Turkish script, the script was created as an extended version of the
Latin alphabet at the initiative of
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
The alphabet reform, combined later with the foundation of Turkish Language Association in
1932, campaigns by the Ministry of Education including the opening of
Public Education Centers throughout the country, and the active encouragement of people by Atatürk with many trips to the countryside often involving him teaching the new alphabet, succeeded in achieving a substantial increase in the literacy rate of the population from a figure around 20% to over 90%. Harf İnkılâbı Text of the speech by Prof. Dr. Zeynep Korkmaz on the website of Turkish Language Association, for the 70th anniversary of the Alphabet Reform, delivered at the Dolmabahçe Palace, on September 26, 1998 The reforms were also backed up by the
Law on Copyrights, issued in 1934, encouraging and strengthening the private publishing sector. Press and Publications in Turkey, article on Newspot, June 2006, published by the Office of the Prime Minister, Directorate General of Press and Information. In
1939,
The First Turkish Publications Congress was organized in
Ankara, for discussing the issues like copyright, printing, the progress on improving the literacy rate and scientific publications, with the attendance of 186 deputies.
. August 29, 1929The work of preparing the new alphabet based on the Latin letters and incorporating necessary modifications to account for sounds specific to Turkish language, was undertaken by the
Language Commission (Dil Encümeni) consisting of the following members:
Linguists
Ragıp Hulûsi Özdem,
Ahmet Cevat Emre,
İbrahim Grandi Grantay,
Educators
Mehmet Emin Erişirgil,
İhsan Sungu,
Fazıl Ahmet Aykaç,
Writers and members of parliament
Falih Rıfkı Atay,
Ruşen Eşref Ünaydın,
Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu.
The commission started the work on the new alphabet on
June 26, 1928. The letter
Ö was adopted from the Swedish alphabet by suggestion from the Swedish interpreter of the
Dragoman House (ambassador house) present at the commission for discussing the new alphabet. Ç was adopted from the Albanian alphabet,
S-cedilla was from the S-comma of the
Romanian alphabet, and Ü is from the
German alphabet.
Distinctive features
Note that
Turkish dotted and dotless I are separate letters, each with its own uppercase and lowercase form.
I is the capital form of
ı, and
İ is the capital form of
i. (In the original law establishing the alphabet, the dotted
İ came before the undotted
I; now their places are reversed Kılavuzu.) The letter
J, however, uses a tittle in the same way
English language does, with a dotted lowercase version, and a dotless uppercase version.
Optional
circumflex accents can be used with "â", "î" and "û" to disambiguate words with different meanings but otherwise the same spelling, or to indicate palatalization of a preceding consonant (for example, while "
kar" /kar/ means "snow", "
kâr" /car/ means "profit"), or long vowels in loanwords, particularly from
Arabic language. These are seen as variants of "a", "i", and "u" and are becoming quite rare in modern usage.
Status of Q, W, X
The Turkish alphabet has no Q,
W or
X. Instead, these are transliterated into Turkish as
K,
V, and
KS, respectively. The 1928 Law 1353 enforced usage of only the Turkish letters on official documents like birth certificates, marriage documents, and land registers; the
Constitution of Turkey explicitly retains this law. In practice, the requirement of using the Turkish alphabet in state registers has made it impossible to register some
Kurdish people names exactly as they are rendered in
Kurdish_alphabet#Kurmanji_Alphabet, which includes q, w, and x. The families can give their children Kurdish names, but these names cannot include these letters and are required to use the aforementioned transliterations. Many Kurds have applied to the courts seeking to change their names to specifically include the letters q, w, and x. A similar situation exists in Europe where many people with Turkish names reside. Many Turkish names include ğ, ü, ş, ı, ö, ç, and İ, some of which are unavailable in local official alphabets, depending on the country of residence.
In popular culture
- In Thomas Pynchon novel Gravity's Rainbow, there are several fictional scenes relating to the various committees supposedly assigned in the Soviet Union to create the New Turkish Alphabet for use in Central Asia, one for a different letter, each one advocating their letter at the expense of other alternative transliterations of the sound in question.
See also
References
External links
- Turkish alphabet and pronunciation guide
- The Turkish Alphabet
- Online Turkish
The
Turkish alphabet is a variant of the Latin alphabet, itself derived from the Greek alphabet, used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters, a certain number of which (
Ç, Ğ,
Turkish dotted and dotless I, Ö,
Ş, and
Ü) have been adapted or modified for the phonetic requirements of the language.
These letters are, in the upper case:
A,
B, C, Ç,
D, E, F, G,
Ğ, H, Turkish dotted and dotless I, J, K,
L, M,
N, O,
Ö, P, R,
S, Ş,
T,
U,
Ü, V, Y,
Z
and in the lower case:
a, b, c, ç,
d, e, f,
g,
ğ,
h, Turkish dotted and dotless I, j,
k, l,
m, n, o,
ö,
p, r,
s,
ş,
t, u, ü, v, y,
z.
This translates to 8 vowels (A,
E, Turkish dotted and dotless I,
O,
Ö, U,
Ü) and 21 consonants.
Sounds
Turkish orthography is highly
Phonetic spelling and a word's pronunciation is always completely identified by its spelling. The following table presents the Turkish letters, the sounds they correspond to in
International Phonetic Alphabet and how these can be approximated more or less by an English language speaker.
{| class="wikitable"|-!colspan=2|Letter!International Phonetic Alphabet!English language approximation!colspan=2|Letter!
International Phonetic Alphabet!English language approximation|-|
A||
a||
Open back unrounded vowel||As
a in
f'a
ther||M||m||Bilabial nasal'||As
m in
man|-|B||b||Voiced bilabial plosive'||As
b in b
at||N||n||Alveolar nasal'||As
n in
nay|-|C||c||Voiced postalveolar affricate'||As
j in j
ob||O||o||Close-mid back rounded vowel'||As
o in
n'o
|-|Ç||ç||Voiceless postalveolar affricate||As ch in ch
at||Ö||ö||Open-mid front rounded vowel'||As
e in
h'e
r|-|D||d||Voiced dental plosive'||As
d in
dog||P||p||Voiceless bilabial plosive'||As
p in p
ut|-|E||e||Close-mid front unrounded vowel'||As
e in
r'e
d||R||r||Alveolar tap'||As
r in
rat|-|F||f||Voiceless labiodental fricative'||As
f in f
ar||S||s||Voiceless alveolar fricative'||As
s in
sand|-|G||g||Voiced velar plosive'||As
g in g
ap||Ş||ş||Voiceless postalveolar fricative'||As
sh in
she|-|Ğ||ğ||Length (phonetics)'||
Unpronounced; Lengthens preceding vowel||
T||
t||
Voiceless dental plosive||As
t in t
op|-|H||h||Voiceless glottal fricative'||As
h in
hot||U||u||Close back rounded vowel'||As
oo in
p'oo
l|-|I||ı||Close back unrounded vowel'||
uh, as e
in op
en
||
Ü||
ü||
Close front rounded vowel||
As u
in n
ude
|-|
İ||
i||
Close front unrounded vowel||As
ee in
b'ee
t||V||v||Voiced labiodental fricative'||As
v in v
alv
e|-|J||j||Voiced postalveolar fricative'||As
g in
monta'g
e||Y||y||Palatal approximant'||As
y in
you|-|K||k||Voiceless velar plosive'||As
c in c
at||Z||z||Voiced alveolar fricative'||As
z in
zip|-|L||l||Alveolar lateral approximant'||As
l in l
et|}
History
Early history
The earliest known Turkish alphabet is the Orkhon script. In general, Turkic languages have been written in a number of different alphabets including Cyrillic alphabet, Arabic alphabet,
Greek alphabet,
Armenian alphabet,
Latin alphabet and some other Asiatic writing systems.
Modern Turkish alphabet
. September 20, 1928The current 29-letter
Turkish alphabet, used for the
Turkish language, was established by the
Law on the Adoption and Implementation of the Turkish Alphabet, numbered 1353, {{cite web ] on
November 1, 1928, as a vital step in the cultural part of
Atatürk's Reforms.
Yazım Kılavuzu, Dil Derneği, 2002 (the writing guide of the Turkish language) Replacing the earlier
Ottoman Turkish script, the script was created as an extended version of the
Latin alphabet at the initiative of
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
The alphabet reform, combined later with the foundation of
Turkish Language Association in 1932, campaigns by the Ministry of Education including the opening of
Public Education Centers throughout the country, and the active encouragement of people by
Atatürk with many trips to the countryside often involving him teaching the new alphabet, succeeded in achieving a substantial increase in the literacy rate of the population from a figure around 20% to over 90%. Harf İnkılâbı Text of the speech by Prof. Dr. Zeynep Korkmaz on the website of Turkish Language Association, for the 70th anniversary of the Alphabet Reform, delivered at the Dolmabahçe Palace, on September 26, 1998 The reforms were also backed up by the
Law on Copyrights, issued in
1934, encouraging and strengthening the private publishing sector. Press and Publications in Turkey, article on Newspot, June 2006, published by the Office of the Prime Minister, Directorate General of Press and Information. In 1939,
The First Turkish Publications Congress was organized in
Ankara, for discussing the issues like copyright, printing, the progress on improving the literacy rate and scientific publications, with the attendance of 186 deputies.
. August 29, 1929The work of preparing the new alphabet based on the Latin letters and incorporating necessary modifications to account for sounds specific to Turkish language, was undertaken by the
Language Commission (Dil Encümeni) consisting of the following members:
Linguists
Ragıp Hulûsi Özdem,
Ahmet Cevat Emre,
İbrahim Grandi Grantay,
Educators
Mehmet Emin Erişirgil,
İhsan Sungu,
Fazıl Ahmet Aykaç,
Writers and members of parliament
Falih Rıfkı Atay,
Ruşen Eşref Ünaydın,
Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu.
The commission started the work on the new alphabet on June 26, 1928. The letter Ö was adopted from the
Swedish alphabet by suggestion from the Swedish interpreter of the
Dragoman House (ambassador house) present at the commission for discussing the new alphabet. Ç was adopted from the
Albanian alphabet, S-cedilla was from the
S-comma of the
Romanian alphabet, and Ü is from the German alphabet.
Distinctive features
Note that
Turkish dotted and dotless I are separate letters, each with its own uppercase and lowercase form.
I is the capital form of
ı, and
İ is the capital form of
i. (In the original law establishing the alphabet, the dotted
İ came before the undotted
I; now their places are reversed Kılavuzu.) The letter
J, however, uses a
tittle in the same way English language does, with a dotted lowercase version, and a dotless uppercase version.
Optional
circumflex accents can be used with "â", "î" and "û" to disambiguate words with different meanings but otherwise the same spelling, or to indicate palatalization of a preceding consonant (for example, while "
kar" /kar/ means "snow", "
kâr" /car/ means "profit"), or long vowels in loanwords, particularly from Arabic language. These are seen as variants of "a", "i", and "u" and are becoming quite rare in modern usage.
Status of Q, W, X
The Turkish alphabet has no Q,
W or X. Instead, these are transliterated into Turkish as
K,
V, and
KS, respectively. The 1928 Law 1353 enforced usage of only the Turkish letters on official documents like birth certificates, marriage documents, and land registers; the
Constitution of Turkey explicitly retains this law. In practice, the requirement of using the Turkish alphabet in state registers has made it impossible to register some Kurdish people names exactly as they are rendered in
Kurdish_alphabet#Kurmanji_Alphabet, which includes q, w, and x. The families can give their children Kurdish names, but these names cannot include these letters and are required to use the aforementioned transliterations. Many Kurds have applied to the courts seeking to change their names to specifically include the letters q, w, and x. A similar situation exists in Europe where many people with Turkish names reside. Many Turkish names include ğ, ü, ş, ı, ö, ç, and İ, some of which are unavailable in local official alphabets, depending on the country of residence.
In popular culture
- In Thomas Pynchon novel Gravity's Rainbow, there are several fictional scenes relating to the various committees supposedly assigned in the Soviet Union to create the New Turkish Alphabet for use in Central Asia, one for a different letter, each one advocating their letter at the expense of other alternative transliterations of the sound in question.
See also
References
External links
- Turkish alphabet and pronunciation guide
- The Turkish Alphabet
- Online Turkish
Turkish alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Turkish alphabet is a variant of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters, a certain number of which (Ç, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ş, and Ü ...
Turkish language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The introduction of the new Turkish alphabet was supported by public education centers opened throughout the country, cooperation with publishing companies, and encouragement by ...
Turkish Language - Turkish Alphabet
Turkish Alphabet is phonetic and each letter retains it individual pronounciation at all times. ... The Turkish Roman Alphabet became law on 1st Jan.1929. After this date it was ...
The Turkish Alphabet
META> character set: UTF-8 primary font face: unspecified (CSS defaults to arial) special characters: enter as ampersand, hash, 3-digit number, semi-colon:
OnlineTurkish.com - Turkish Alphabet With Sounds
Online courses to learn Turkish language; includes listening exercises recorded by native speakers, online dictionary, pronunciation guide, vocabulary and Turkey related links.
turkishalphabet - Turkish Alphabet
Turkish Alphabet. The Turkish alphabet is a variant of the Latin alphabet, used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters, a certain number of which (ç, ğ, ı ...
alphabet
The Turkish Alphabet. The Turkish alphabet is composed of 29 letters (see table below). It has all the letters in the English alphabet, except "q", "w", and "x".
Fundamental Turkish: Turkish alphabet and sounds
Free interactive online Turkish language lessons. ... Warning: include(alphabet.htm): failed to open stream: No such file or directory in D:\apache2triad\htdocs\websites\turkish ...
Macintosh Turkish alphabet
Macintosh Turkish alphabet. This alphabet is suitable for the following languages: (Languages in bold are the main languages for this alphabet) Albanian, Danish, Dutch, English ...
Turkish Alphabet
Turkish alphabet with audio files for pronunciation.
